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Presentations & Publications
The Sapphire
Group keeps an extensive library of white papers, presentations, reports, and
peer-reviewed documents. Feel free to browse the following pages for information
on pertinent issues.
Publications (2000 - Present)
R. G.
Tardiff and M. L. Carson. Derivation of a reference dose and drinking water
equivalent level for 1,2,3-trichloropropane. Food Chem Toxicol 48
(6):1488-1510, 2010.
R. D. Kimbrough, C. A. Krouskas, M. L. Carson, T. F.
Long, C. Bevan, and R. G. Tardiff. Human uptake of persistent
chemicals from contaminated soil: PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Regul Toxicol
Pharmacol 57 (1):43-54, 2010.
Sweeney L.M., C. R. Kirman, M. L. Gargas, M. L.
Carson, and R. G. Tardiff. 2010. Development of a
Physiologically-Based Toxicokinetic Model of Acrylamide and
Glycidamide in Rats and Humans. Food Chem Toxicol 48(2): 668-685.
Tardiff, R.G., M. L. Gargas, C. R. Kirman, M. L.
Carson, and L. M. Sweeney. 2010. Estimation of Safe Dietary Intake
Levels of Acrylamide for Humans. Food Chem Toxicol 48(2): 658-667.
T. S. Poet, C. R. Kirman, M. Bader, C. van Thriel, M.
L. Gargas, and P. M. Hinderliter. Quantitative Risk Analysis for
N-Methyl Pyrrolidone using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and
Benchmark Dose Modeling. Toxicol Sci 113 (2):468-482, 2010.
Simon, T., L.L. Aylward, C.R. Kirman, J.C. Rowlands, and R.A. Budinsky. Estimates of Cancer Potency of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin using Linear and Non-linear Dose-Response Modeling and Toxicokinetics.
Toxicol Sci 112 (2):490-506, 2009.
R. G. Tardiff, M. L. Carson, L. M. Sweeney, C. K.
Kirman, Y. M. Tan, M. Andersen, C. Bevan, and M. L. Gargas.
Derivation of a Drinking Water Equivalent Level (DWEL) Related to
the Maximum Contaminant Level Goal for Perfluorooctanoic Acid
(PFOA), a Persistent Water Soluble Compound. Food Chem Toxicol
47:2557-2589, 2009.
R. A. Corley, K. R. Minard, S. Kabilan, D. R.
Einstein, A. P. Kuprat, J. R. Harkema, J. S. Kimbell, M. L. Gargas,
and J. H. Kinzell. Magnetic resonance imaging and computational
fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of rabbit nasal airflows for the
development of hybrid CFD/PBPK models. Inhal.Toxicol 21
(6):512-518, 2009.
Fasano WJ, Sweeney LM, Mawn MP, Nabb DL, Szostek B,
Buck RC, Gargas ML. Kinetics of 8-2 Fluorotelomer Alcohol and its
Metabolites, and Liver Glutathione Status Following Daily Oral
Dosing for 45 Days in Male and Female Rats. Chem Biol Interact.
2009 Jul 15;180(2):281-295.
Mileson BE, Sweeney LM, Gargas ML, Kinzell J.
Iodomethane human health risk characterization. Inhal Toxicol. 2009
May;21(6):583-605.
Sweeney LM, Kirman CR, Gannon SA, Thrall KD, Gargas
ML, Kinzell JH. Development of a Physiologically Based
Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model for Methyl Iodide in Rats, Rabbits, and
Humans. Inhal Toxicol. 2009 May;21(6):552-82.
L. M. Sweeney, C. R. Kirman, M. L. Gargas, and P. H.
Dugard. Contribution of trichloroacetic acid to liver tumors
observed in perchloroethylene (perc)-exposed mice. Toxicology
260 (1-3):77-83, 2009.
K. D. Thrall, L. B. Sasser, J. A. Creim, M. L. Gargas,
J. H. Kinzell, and R. A. Corley. Studies supporting the development
of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for methyl
iodide: pharmacokinetics of sodium iodide (NaI) in pregnant rabbits.
Inhal.Toxicol:1-5, 2009.
Kirman CR, Sweeney
LM, Gargas ML, Kinzell JH. Evaluation of possible modes of action
for acute effects of methyl iodide in laboratory animals. Inhal
Toxicol. 2009 May;21(6):537-51.
Thrall KD,
Woodstock AD, Soelberg JJ, Gargas ML, Kinzell JH, Corley RA. A
Real-time Methodology to Evaluate the Nasal Absorption of Volatile
Compounds in Anesthetized Animals. Inhal Toxicol. 2009
May;21(6):531-6.
Delorme MP, Himmelstein MW, Kemper RA, Kegelman TA,
Gargas ML, Kinzell JH. Evaluation of Respiratory Parameters in Rats
and Rabbits Exposed to Methyl Iodide. Inhal Toxicol. 2009
May;21(6):505-11.
Himmelstein MW, Kegelman TA, Delorme MP, Everds NE,
O'Connor JC, Kemper RA, Nabb DL, Mileson BE, Bevan C. Two-day
Inhalation Toxicity Study of Methyl Iodide in the Rat. Inhal
Toxicol. 2009 May;21(6):480-7.
Sloter E, Nemec M,
Stump D, Holson J, Kirkpatrick D, Gargas M, Kinzell J. Methyl
Iodide-induced Fetal Hypothyroidism Implicated in Late-stage Fetal
Death in Rabbits. Inhal Toxicol. 2009 May;21(6):462-79.
Studies Supporting the Development of a
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model for Methyl
Iodide: Pharmacokinetics of Sodium Iodide (NaI) in Pregnant Rabbits.
Thrall KD, Sasser LB, Creim JA, Gargas ML, Kinzell JH, Corley RA.
Inhal Toxicol. 2009 Mar 31:1-5.
M. L. Gargas, C. K. Kirman, L. M. Sweeney, and R. G.
Tardiff. Acrylamide: Consideration of Species Differences and
Nonlinear Processes in Estimating Risk and Safety for Human
Ingestion. Food Chem Toxicol 47(4):760-768, 2009.
L. M. Sweeney, C. K. Kirman, R. Albertini, Y. M. Tan,
H. J. III. Clewell, J. Filser, G. A. Csanady, L. H. Pottenger, M.
Banton, C. Graham, L. Andrews, A. Papciak, and M. L. Gargas.
Derivation of inhalation toxicity reference values for propylene
oxide using mode of action analysis: Example of a threshold
carcinogen. Crit Rev Toxicol 39(6):462-486, 2009.
C. R. Kirman, L. M. Sweeney, M. L. Gargas, D. E.
Strother, J. J. Collins, and R. Deskin. Derivation of Noncancer
Reference Values for Acrylonitrile. Risk Anal 28
(5):1375-1394, 2008.
Ted Simon, Christopher R. Kirman, Lesa L. Aylward,
Robert A. Budinsky, J. Craig Rowlands, and Tom F. Long. Estimates
of Cancer Potency of 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran Using Both
Nonlinear and Linear Approaches. Toxicol. Sci. 2008 106 (2):
519-537
M. L. Gargas, B. Collins, T. R. Fennell, N. F.
Gaudette, Jr., and L. M. Sweeney. Disposition of styrene-acrylonitrile
(SAN) trimer in female rats: single dose intravenous and gavage
studies. Toxicol Lett 178 (1):1-8, 2008.
W. F. Rayburn, A. Robinson, L. E. Braverman, X. M.
He, S. Pino, M. L. Gargas, and J. H. Kinzell. Iodide concentrations
in matched maternal serum, cord serum, and amniotic fluid from
preterm and term human pregnancies. Reprod.Toxicol 25
(1):129-132, 2008.
L.M. Sweeney, S.A. Saghir, M.L. Gargas (2008).
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model Development and
Simulations for Ethylene Dichloride (1,2-Dichloroethane) in Rats
Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 51:311-323, 2008.
M. L. Gargas, L. M. Sweeney, M. W. Himmelstein, L. H.
Pottenger, J. S. Bus, and J. W. Holder (2008). Physiologically Based
Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Chloroethane Disposition in Mice, Rats
and Women. Toxicol Sci 104(1): 54-66.
L. M. Sweeney, K. D. Thrall, T. S. Poet, R. A.
Corley, T. J. Weber, B. J. Locey, J. Clarkson, S. Sager, and M. L.
Gargas (2008). Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of
1,4-Dioxane in Rats, Mice, and Humans. Toxicol Sci 101
(1):32-50.
Liao KH, Tan YM, Conolly RB, Borghoff SJ, Gargas ML,
Andersen ME, Clewell HJ 3rd. (2007). Bayesian Estimation
of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Parameters in a
Mode-of-Action-Based Cancer Risk Assessment for Chloroform. Risk
Anal. 2007 Dec;27(6):1535-51.
R. J. Albertini and L. M. Sweeney. Propylene oxide:
genotoxicity profile of a rodent nasal carcinogen. Crit Rev
Toxicol 37 (6):489-520, 2007.
D. L. Nabb, B. Szostek, M. W. Himmelstein, M. P. Mawn,
M. L. Gargas, L. M. Sweeney, J. C. Stadler, R. C. Buck, and W. J.
Fasano. In vitro metabolism of 8-2 fluorotelomer alcohol:
interspecies comparisons and metabolic pathway refinement.
Toxicol Sci 100 (2):333-344, 2007.
A. Nong, G. Charest-Tardif, R. Tardif, D. F. Lewis,
L. M. Sweeney, M. L. Gargas, and K. Krishnan. Physiologically based
modeling of the inhalation pharmacokinetics of ethylbenzene in
B6C3F1 mice. J Toxicol Environ Health A 70 (21):1838-1848,
2007.
Sielken, R.L. Jr., Valdez-Flores, C., Gargas, M.L.,
Kirman, C.R., Teta, M.J. and Delzell, E. (2006). Cancer risk
assessment for 1,3-butadiene: Dose extrapolation from an
epidemiological perspective. Chem Biol Interact 166 (1-3):
140-149.
R. G. Tardiff, M. L. Carson, and M. E. Ginevan
(2006). Updated weight of evidence for an association between
adverse reproductive and developmental effects and exposure to
disinfection by-products. Regul.Toxicol Pharmacol 45
(2):185-205.
Kirman, C.R., Sweeney, L.M., Corley, R. and Gargas,
M.L. (2005). Using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to
address nonlinear kinetics and changes in rodent physiology and
metabolism due to aging and adaptation in deriving reference values
for propylene glycol methyl ether and propylene glycol methyl ether
acetate. Risk Anal., 25(2), 271-284.
Kirman, C.R., Gargas, M.L., Marsh, G.M., Strother,
D.E., Klaunig, J.E., Collins, J.J., and Deskin, R. (2005). Cancer
dose-response assessment for acrylonitrile based upon rodent brain
tumor incidence: Use of epidemiologic, mechanistic, and
pharmacokinetic support for nonlinearity. Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol.,
43, 85-103.
Sweeney, L.M. (2004). A ChE’s Guide to Toxicology.
Chemical Engineering Progress. 100(6):36-40.
D. G. DeBord, R. E. Savage, Jr., H. Drexler, C.
Freeman, J. Groopman, M. Jayjock, M. McDiarmid, M. Morgan, R.
Santella, P. Schulte, G. Talaska, R. Tardiff, and C. Viau (2004). A
summary of the workshop applying biomarkers to occupational health
practice. J Occup Environ Hyg 1 (5):D57-D60.
T. F. Long, C. R. Kirman, J. Butala, and R. G.
Tardiff (2004). Probabilistic cancer risk assessment of workers
exposed to creosote during pressure treatment of wood.
Toxicologist 78.
Long, T.F., C.R.Kirman, J.H. Butala, and R.G. Tardiff
(2004). Probabilistic cancer risk assessment of workers exposed to
creosote during pressure treatment of wood. Toxicologist
78(S-1): 155.
Kirman, C.R., Sweeney, L.M., Teta, M.J., Sielken, R.L.,
Valdez-Flora, C., Albertini, R. and Gargas, M.L. (2004).
Addressing nonlinearity in the exposure-response relationship for a
genotoxic carcinogen: Cancer potency estimates for ethylene oxide.
Risk Anal., 24(5), 1165-1183.
Sweeney, L.M., Andersen, M.E. and Gargas, M.L.
(2004). Ethyl acrylate risk assessment with a hybrid computational
fluid dynamics and physiologically based nasal dosimetry model.
Toxicol. Sci., 79(2), 394-403.
Sweeney, L.M., Kirman, C.R., Morgott, D.A. and Gargas,
M.L. (2004). Estimation of interindividual variation in oxidative
metabolism of dichloromethane in human volunteers. Toxicol Lett.,
154(3), 201‑216.
R. G. Tardiff, R. P. Hubner, and C. G. Graves (2003).
Harmonization of thresholds for primary skin irritation from results
of human repeated insult patch tests and laboratory animal skin
irritation tests. J Appl Toxicol 23 (4):279-281.
Kirman, C.R., Sweeney, L.M., Meek, M.E., and Gargas,
M.L. (2003). Assessing the dose-dependency of allometric scaling
performance using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.
Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 38:345-367.
Sweeney, L.M. Gargas, M.L., Strother, D.E. and
Kedderis, G.L. (2003). Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model
Parameter Estimation and Sensitivity and Variability Analyses for
Acrylonitrile Disposition in Humans. Toxicol. Sci. 71:27-40.
Kirman, C.R., Gargas, M.L., Deskin, R.,
Tonner-Navarro, L. and Andersen, M.E. (2003). A physiologically
Based Pharmacokinetic Model for acrylamide and its metabolite,
glycidamide, in the rat. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health,
66(3), 253-274.
Tan, Y., Butterworth, B.E., Gargas, M.L. and Conolly,
R.B. (2003). Biologically motivated computational modeling of
chloroform cytolethality and regenerative cellular proliferation.
Toxicol. Sci., 75, 192-200.
Roberts, L.G., Bevan, C., and Schreiner, C.A. (2003)
Developmental and reproductive toxicity evaluation of toluene vapor
in the rat. I. Reproductive toxicology. Repro. Toxicol. 17:
649-658.
Long, T.F., Gargas, M.L., Hubner, R.P., and Tardiff,
R.G (2002). The Role of Risk Assessment in Redeveloping Brownfield
Sites. In: Brownfields, A Comprehensive Guide to Redeveloping
Contaminated Property, American Bar Association.
Graves, C.G., Matanoski, G.M., and R. G. Tardiff.
(2001). Weight of evidence for an association between adverse
reproductive and developmental effects and exposure to disinfection
byproducts: A critical review. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol.
34: 103-124.
Sweeney, L.M, Tyler, T.R., Kirman, C.R., Corley,
R.A., Reitz, R.H., Paustenbach, D.J., Holson, J.F., Whorton, M.D.,
Thompson, K.M., and Gargas, M.L. (2001). Proposed occupational
exposure limits for select glycol ethers using PBPK models and Monte
Carlo simulation. Toxicol. Sci. 62(1):124‑139.
Sweeney, L.M., Himmelstein, M.W., and Gargas, M.L.
Development of a preliminary physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK)
model for 1,3‑butadiene risk assessment. Chem Biol Interact. (2001)
135‑136:303‑22.
Katona, M.A., T.F. Long, C.R. Kirman, C.A. Copley,
D.R. Webb, M.A. Moomey, and M.L. Gargas (2001). Incorporation of
Biomonitoring Data into Risk Management Decisions: Lead and Cadmium
in Soil. Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, San Francsico,
California.
Dutton, D., M.L. Gargas, T.F. Long, C.R. Kirman, and
M.A. Katona (2001). A Proposed Occupational Exposure Limit for
Trimellitic Anhydride. Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, San
Francsico, California.
Katona, M.A. and T.F.Long (2001). Four Episodes of
Apparent Secondary Poisoning of Raptors by an Avicide, Fenthion, in
Illinois.
Long. T.F., M.L. Gargas, R.P. Hubner, and R.G.
Tardiff (2001). The Role of Risk Assessment in Redeveloping
Brownfields. In: Brownfields: A Comprehensive Guide to
Redeveloping Contaminated Property, 2nd Edition. T.
Davis and K. Margolis, eds. American Bar Association Publishing,
Chicago, Illinois.
Hubner, R.P., R.G. Tardiff, and C.G. Graves (2001).
Estimation of health risks to swimmers from exposures to chloroform
and chlorine in chlorinated swimming pools.. International Society
of Exposure Analysis Annual Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina.
Poster/Presentation.
Sweeney, L.M., Tyler, T.R., Kirman, C.R., Corley,
R.A., Reitz, R.H., Paustenbach, D.J., Holson. J.F., Whorton, M.D.,
Thompson, K.M. and Gargas, M.L. (2001). Proposed occupational
exposure limits for select ethylene glycol ethers using PBPK models
and Monte Carlo simulations. Tox. Sci., 62 (1),
124-139.
Sweeney, L.M., Himmelstein, M.W. and Gargas, M.L.
(2001). Development of a preliminary physiologically based
toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for 1,3-butadiene risk assessment.
Chemico-Biol. Int., 135-136, 303-322.
Bevan, C., Keller, D. A., Panepinto, A. S., and
Bentley, K. S. (2001) Effect of 4-vinylcyclohexene on micronucleus
formation in the bone marrow of rats and mice. Drug Chem.
Toxicol. 24: 273-285.
Cruzan, G., Cushman, J. R., Andrews, L. S.,
Granville, G. C., Johnson, K. A., Bevan, C., Hardy, C. J., Coombs,
D. W., Mullins, P. A., and Brown, W. R. (2001) Chronic toxicity/oncogenicity
study of styrene in CD-1 mice by inhalation exposure for 104 weeks.
J. Appl. Toxicol. 21: 185-198.
Graves, C.G., M.E. Ginevan, R.A. Jenkins, and R.G.
Tardiff (2000). Doses and lung burdens of environmental tobacco
smoke constituents in nonsmoking workplaces. Int J Exposure Anal
Environ Epidemiology 10(4):365-377.
Graves, C.G., G.M. Matanoski, and R.G. Tardiff
(2000). Carbonless copy paper and workplace safety: A review. J
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 32: 99-117, 2000.
Tardiff, R.G. (2000). Risk Analysis for the
Workplace. In: R.L. Harris, L.J. Cralley, and L.V. Cralley, Eds.
Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Third Edition,
Volume 3, Part A, Chapter 46. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
pp. 2151-2198.
Sweeney, L.M (2000). Comparison of occupational and
environmental risk assessment methodologies. Human Ecol. Risk
Assess. 6:1101.
Sweeney, L.M., Sheets, B.A., Tomljanovic, C., and
Groseclose, R.D. (2000). Industrial health risk assessment for
routine workers in a military paint shop. Human Ecol. Risk Assess.
6:643-670.
Gargas, M.L., Tyler, T.R., Sweeney, L.M., Corley,
R.A., Weitz, K.K.,Mast, T.J., Paustenbach, D.J. and Hays, S.M.
(2000). A toxicokinetic study of inhaled ethylene glycol ethyl
ether acetate and validation of a physiologically based
pharmacokinetic model for rat and human. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.
165:63-73.
Gargas, M.L., Tyler, T.R., Sweeney, L.M., Corley,
R.A., Weitz, K.K, Mast, T.J., Paustenbach, D.J. and Hays, S.M.
(2000). A toxicokinetic study of inhaled ethylene glycol monomethyl
ether (2-ME) and validation of a physiologically based
pharmacokinetic model for the pregnant rat and human. Toxicol.
Appl. Pharmacol. 165:53-62.
Kirman, C.R., T.F. Long, A.P. Leber, S.M. Hays, and
M.L. Gargas (2000). Using Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Monte Carlo
Methods to Improve Estimated Bioconcentration Factors and Half-lives
for Substituted Diphenyl-p-Phenylene Diamines in Carp. Society of
Toxicology Annual Meeting, Philadelphia Pennsylvania.
Katona, M.A., T.F. Long, C.R. Kirman, and M.L. Gargas (2000).
Derivation of a Specific Dermal Cancer Potency Factor for Benzo(a)Pyrene.
Society of Toxciology Annual Meeting, Philadelphia Pennsylvania.
Kirman, C.R., Hays, S.M., Kedderis, G.L., Gargas, M.L., and Strother,
D.E. (2000). Improving cancer dose-response characterization using
physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling: an analysis of pooled
data for acrylonitrile-induced brain tumors to assess cancer potency in
the rat. Risk Anal., 20(1), 135-151.
Hays, S.M., Elswick, B.A., Blumenthal, G.M., Welch, F., Conolly, R.B.,
and Gargas, M.L. (2000). Development of a physiologically based
pharmacokinetic model of 2-methoxyethanol and 2-methoxyacetic acid
disposition in pregnant rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 163,
67-74.
Gargas, M.L., Tyler T.R., Sweeney, L.M., Corley, R.A., Weitz, K.K.,
Mast, T.J., Paustenbach, D.J. and Hays, S.M. (2000). A toxicokinetic
study of inhaled ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-ME) and validation
of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the pregnant rat
and human. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 163, 53-626.
Gargas, M.L., Tyler T.R., Sweeney, L.M., Corley, R.A., Weitz, K.K.,
Mast, T.J., Sweeney, L.M., Paustenbach, D.J. and Hays, S.M. (2000). A
toxicokinetic study of inhaled ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate and
validation of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for rat and
human. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 165, 63-73.
Gingell, R., Daniel, E.M., Machado, M., and Bevan, C. (2000)
Reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test in rats with
orally-administered 1-hexene. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 23: 327-338.
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