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Presentations & Publications
The Sapphire
Group keeps an extensive library of white papers, presentations, reports, and
peer-reviewed documents. Feel free to browse the following pages for information
on pertinent issues.
Publications (2000 - Present)
C. R. Kirman,
R. J. Albertini, L. M. Sweeney, and M. L. Gargas. 1,3-Butadiene: I.
Review of metabolism and the implications to human health risk
assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 40 Suppl 1:1-11, 2010.
R. J.
Albertini, M. L. Carson, C. R. Kirman, and M. L. Gargas.
1,3-Butadiene: II. Genotoxicity profile. Crit Rev Toxicol 40
Suppl 1:12-73, 2010.
C. R. Kirman,
R. A. Albertini, and M. L. Gargas. 1,3-Butadiene: III. Assessing
carcinogenic modes of action. Crit Rev Toxicol 40 Suppl
1:74-92, 2010.
R. G. Tardiff
and M. L. Carson. Derivation of a reference dose and drinking water
equivalent level for 1,2,3-trichloropropane. Food Chem Toxicol
48 (6):1488-1510, 2010.
R. D.
Kimbrough, C. A. Krouskas, M. L. Carson, T. F. Long, C. Bevan, and
R. G. Tardiff. Human uptake of persistent chemicals from
contaminated soil: PCDD/Fs and PCBs . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol
57 (1):43-54, 2010.
Sweeney L.M.,
C. R. Kirman, M. L. Gargas, M. L. Carson, and R. G. Tardiff. 2010.
Development of a Physiologically-Based Toxicokinetic Model of
Acrylamide and Glycidamide in Rats and Humans. Food Chem Toxicol
48(2): 668-685.
Tardiff, R.G.,
M. L. Gargas, C. R. Kirman, M. L. Carson, and L. M. Sweeney. 2010.
Estimation of Safe Dietary Intake Levels of Acrylamide for Humans.
Food Chem Toxicol 48(2): 658-667.
T. S. Poet, C.
R. Kirman, M. Bader, C. van Thriel, M. L. Gargas, and P. M.
Hinderliter. Quantitative Risk Analysis for N-Methyl Pyrrolidone
using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Benchmark Dose
Modeling. Toxicol Sci 113 (2):468-482, 2010.
Simon, T.,
L.L. Aylward, C.R. Kirman, J.C. Rowlands, and R.A. Budinsky.
Estimates of Cancer Potency of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin
using Linear and Non-linear Dose-Response Modeling and
Toxicokinetics. Toxicol Sci 112 (2):490-506, 2009.
R. G. Tardiff,
M. L. Carson, L. M. Sweeney, C. K. Kirman, Y. M. Tan, M. Andersen,
C. Bevan, and M. L. Gargas. Derivation of a Drinking Water
Equivalent Level (DWEL) Related to the Maximum Contaminant Level
Goal for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), a Persistent Water Soluble
Compound. Food Chem Toxicol 47:2557-2589, 2009.
R. A. Corley,
K. R. Minard, S. Kabilan, D. R. Einstein, A. P. Kuprat, J. R.
Harkema, J. S. Kimbell, M. L. Gargas, and J. H. Kinzell. Magnetic
resonance imaging and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations
of rabbit nasal airflows for the development of hybrid CFD/PBPK
models. Inhal.Toxicol 21 (6):512-518, 2009.
Fasano WJ,
Sweeney LM, Mawn MP, Nabb DL, Szostek B, Buck RC, Gargas ML.
Kinetics of 8-2 Fluorotelomer Alcohol and its Metabolites, and Liver
Glutathione Status Following Daily Oral Dosing for 45 Days in Male
and Female Rats. Chem Biol Interact. 2009 Jul 15;180(2):281-295.
Mileson BE,
Sweeney LM, Gargas ML, Kinzell J. Iodomethane human health risk
characterization. Inhal Toxicol. 2009 May;21(6):583-605.
Sweeney LM,
Kirman CR, Gannon SA, Thrall KD, Gargas ML, Kinzell JH. Development
of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model for Methyl
Iodide in Rats, Rabbits, and Humans. Inhal Toxicol. 2009
May;21(6):552-82.
L. M. Sweeney,
C. R. Kirman, M. L. Gargas, and P. H. Dugard. Contribution of
trichloroacetic acid to liver tumors observed in perchloroethylene (perc)-exposed
mice. Toxicology 260 (1-3):77-83, 2009.
K. D. Thrall,
L. B. Sasser, J. A. Creim, M. L. Gargas, J. H. Kinzell, and R. A.
Corley. Studies supporting the development of a physiologically
based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for methyl iodide:
pharmacokinetics of sodium iodide (NaI) in pregnant rabbits.
Inhal.Toxicol:1-5, 2009.
Kirman CR,
Sweeney LM, Gargas ML, Kinzell JH. Evaluation of possible modes of
action for acute effects of methyl iodide in laboratory animals.
Inhal Toxicol. 2009 May;21(6):537-51.
Thrall KD,
Woodstock AD, Soelberg JJ, Gargas ML, Kinzell JH, Corley RA. A
Real-time Methodology to Evaluate the Nasal Absorption of Volatile
Compounds in Anesthetized Animals. Inhal Toxicol. 2009
May;21(6):531-6.
Delorme MP,
Himmelstein MW, Kemper RA, Kegelman TA, Gargas ML, Kinzell JH.
Evaluation of Respiratory Parameters in Rats and Rabbits Exposed to
Methyl Iodide. Inhal Toxicol. 2009 May;21(6):505-11.
Himmelstein
MW, Kegelman TA, Delorme MP, Everds NE, O'Connor JC, Kemper RA, Nabb
DL, Mileson BE, Bevan C. Two-day Inhalation Toxicity Study of
Methyl Iodide in the Rat. Inhal Toxicol. 2009 May;21(6):480-7.
Sloter E,
Nemec M, Stump D, Holson J, Kirkpatrick D, Gargas M, Kinzell J.
Methyl Iodide-induced Fetal Hypothyroidism Implicated in Late-stage
Fetal Death in Rabbits. Inhal Toxicol. 2009 May;21(6):462-79.
Studies
Supporting the Development of a Physiologically Based
Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model for Methyl Iodide: Pharmacokinetics of
Sodium Iodide (NaI) in Pregnant Rabbits.
Thrall KD,
Sasser LB, Creim JA, Gargas ML, Kinzell JH, Corley RA. Inhal
Toxicol. 2009 Mar 31:1-5.
M. L. Gargas,
C. K. Kirman, L. M. Sweeney, and R. G. Tardiff. Acrylamide:
Consideration of Species Differences and Nonlinear Processes in
Estimating Risk and Safety for Human Ingestion. Food Chem Toxicol
47(4):760-768, 2009.
L. M. Sweeney,
C. K. Kirman, R. Albertini, Y. M. Tan, H. J. III. Clewell, J. Filser,
G. A. Csanady, L. H. Pottenger, M. Banton, C. Graham, L. Andrews, A.
Papciak, and M. L. Gargas. Derivation of inhalation toxicity
reference values for propylene oxide using mode of action analysis:
Example of a threshold carcinogen. Crit Rev Toxicol
39(6):462-486, 2009.
C. R. Kirman,
L. M. Sweeney, M. L. Gargas, D. E. Strother, J. J. Collins, and R.
Deskin. Derivation of Noncancer Reference Values for Acrylonitrile.
Risk Anal 28 (5):1375-1394, 2008.
Ted Simon,
Christopher R. Kirman, Lesa L. Aylward, Robert A. Budinsky, J. Craig
Rowlands, and Tom F. Long. Estimates of Cancer Potency of
2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran Using Both Nonlinear and Linear
Approaches. Toxicol. Sci. 2008 106 (2): 519-537.
M. L. Gargas,
B. Collins, T. R. Fennell, N. F. Gaudette, Jr., and L. M. Sweeney.
Disposition of styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) trimer in female rats:
single dose intravenous and gavage studies. Toxicol Lett 178
(1):1-8, 2008.
W. F. Rayburn,
A. Robinson, L. E. Braverman, X. M. He, S. Pino, M. L. Gargas, and
J. H. Kinzell. Iodide concentrations in matched maternal serum, cord
serum, and amniotic fluid from preterm and term human pregnancies.
Reprod.Toxicol 25 (1):129-132, 2008.
L.M. Sweeney,
S.A. Saghir, M.L. Gargas (2008). Physiologically Based
Pharmacokinetic Model Development and Simulations for Ethylene
Dichloride (1,2-Dichloroethane) in Rats Regul Toxicol Pharmacol
51:311-323, 2008.
M. L. Gargas,
L. M. Sweeney, M. W. Himmelstein, L. H. Pottenger, J. S. Bus, and J.
W. Holder (2008). Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of
Chloroethane Disposition in Mice, Rats and Women. Toxicol Sci
104(1): 54-66.
L. M. Sweeney,
K. D. Thrall, T. S. Poet, R. A. Corley, T. J. Weber, B. J. Locey, J.
Clarkson, S. Sager, and M. L. Gargas (2008). Physiologically Based
Pharmacokinetic Modeling of 1,4-Dioxane in Rats, Mice, and Humans.
Toxicol Sci 101 (1):32-50.
Liao KH, Tan
YM, Conolly RB, Borghoff SJ, Gargas ML, Andersen ME, Clewell HJ 3rd.
(2007). Bayesian Estimation of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic
Parameters in a Mode-of-Action-Based Cancer Risk Assessment for
Chloroform. Risk Anal. 2007 Dec;27(6):1535-51.
R. J.
Albertini and L. M. Sweeney. Propylene oxide: genotoxicity profile
of a rodent nasal carcinogen. Crit Rev Toxicol 37
(6):489-520, 2007.
D. L. Nabb, B.
Szostek, M. W. Himmelstein, M. P. Mawn, M. L. Gargas, L. M. Sweeney,
J. C. Stadler, R. C. Buck, and W. J. Fasano. In vitro metabolism of
8-2 fluorotelomer alcohol: interspecies comparisons and metabolic
pathway refinement. Toxicol Sci 100 (2):333-344, 2007.
A. Nong, G.
Charest-Tardif, R. Tardif, D. F. Lewis, L. M. Sweeney, M. L. Gargas,
and K. Krishnan. Physiologically based modeling of the inhalation
pharmacokinetics of ethylbenzene in B6C3F1 mice. J Toxicol
Environ Health A 70 (21):1838-1848, 2007.
Sielken, R.L.
Jr., Valdez-Flores, C., Gargas, M.L., Kirman, C.R., Teta, M.J. and
Delzell, E. (2006). Cancer risk assessment for 1,3-butadiene: Dose
extrapolation from an epidemiological perspective. Chem Biol
Interact 166 (1-3): 140-149.
R. G. Tardiff,
M. L. Carson, and M. E. Ginevan (2006). Updated weight of evidence
for an association between adverse reproductive and developmental
effects and exposure to disinfection by-products. Regul.Toxicol
Pharmacol 45 (2):185-205.
Kirman, C.R.,
Sweeney, L.M., Corley, R. and Gargas, M.L. (2005). Using
physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to address nonlinear
kinetics and changes in rodent physiology and metabolism due to
aging and adaptation in deriving reference values for propylene
glycol methyl ether and propylene glycol methyl ether acetate.
Risk Anal., 25(2), 271-284.
Kirman, C.R.,
Gargas, M.L., Marsh, G.M., Strother, D.E., Klaunig, J.E., Collins,
J.J., and Deskin, R. (2005). Cancer dose-response assessment for
acrylonitrile based upon rodent brain tumor incidence: Use of
epidemiologic, mechanistic, and pharmacokinetic support for
nonlinearity. Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 43, 85-103.
Sweeney, L.M.
(2004). A ChE’s Guide to Toxicology. Chemical Engineering
Progress. 100(6):36-40.
D. G. DeBord,
R. E. Savage, Jr., H. Drexler, C. Freeman, J. Groopman, M. Jayjock,
M. McDiarmid, M. Morgan, R. Santella, P. Schulte, G. Talaska, R.
Tardiff, and C. Viau (2004). A summary of the workshop applying
biomarkers to occupational health practice. J Occup Environ Hyg
1 (5):D57-D60.
T. F. Long, C.
R. Kirman, J. Butala, and R. G. Tardiff (2004). Probabilistic cancer
risk assessment of workers exposed to creosote during pressure
treatment of wood. Toxicologist 78.
Long, T.F.,
C.R.Kirman, J.H. Butala, and R.G. Tardiff (2004). Probabilistic
cancer risk assessment of workers exposed to creosote during
pressure treatment of wood. Toxicologist 78(S-1): 155.
Kirman, C.R.,
Sweeney, L.M., Teta, M.J., Sielken, R.L., Valdez-Flora, C.,
Albertini, R. and Gargas, M.L. (2004). Addressing nonlinearity in
the exposure-response relationship for a genotoxic carcinogen:
Cancer potency estimates for ethylene oxide. Risk Anal.,
24(5), 1165-1183.
Sweeney, L.M.,
Andersen, M.E. and Gargas, M.L. (2004). Ethyl acrylate risk
assessment with a hybrid computational fluid dynamics and
physiologically based nasal dosimetry model. Toxicol. Sci.,
79(2), 394-403.
Sweeney, L.M.,
Kirman, C.R., Morgott, D.A. and Gargas, M.L. (2004). Estimation of
interindividual variation in oxidative metabolism of dichloromethane
in human volunteers. Toxicol Lett., 154(3), 201‑216.
R. G. Tardiff,
R. P. Hubner, and C. G. Graves (2003). Harmonization of thresholds
for primary skin irritation from results of human repeated insult
patch tests and laboratory animal skin irritation tests. J Appl
Toxicol 23 (4):279-281.
Kirman, C.R.,
Sweeney, L.M., Meek, M.E., and Gargas, M.L. (2003). Assessing the
dose-dependency of allometric scaling performance using
physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Reg. Toxicol.
Pharmacol. 38:345-367.
Sweeney, L.M.
Gargas, M.L., Strother, D.E. and Kedderis, G.L. (2003).
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model Parameter Estimation and
Sensitivity and Variability Analyses for Acrylonitrile Disposition
in Humans. Toxicol. Sci. 71:27-40.
Kirman, C.R.,
Gargas, M.L., Deskin, R., Tonner-Navarro, L. and Andersen, M.E.
(2003). A physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for acrylamide
and its metabolite, glycidamide, in the rat. J. Toxicol. Environ.
Health, 66(3), 253-274.
Tan, Y.,
Butterworth, B.E., Gargas, M.L. and Conolly, R.B. (2003).
Biologically motivated computational modeling of chloroform
cytolethality and regenerative cellular proliferation. Toxicol.
Sci., 75, 192-200.
Roberts, L.G.,
Bevan, C., and Schreiner, C.A. (2003) Developmental and reproductive
toxicity evaluation of toluene vapor in the rat. I. Reproductive
toxicology. Repro. Toxicol. 17: 649-658.
Long, T.F.,
Gargas, M.L., Hubner, R.P., and Tardiff, R.G (2002). The Role of
Risk Assessment in Redeveloping Brownfield Sites. In:
Brownfields, A Comprehensive Guide to Redeveloping Contaminated
Property, American Bar Association.
Graves, C.G.,
Matanoski, G.M., and R. G. Tardiff. (2001). Weight of evidence for
an association between adverse reproductive and developmental
effects and exposure to disinfection byproducts: A critical review.
Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 34: 103-124.
Sweeney, L.M,
Tyler, T.R., Kirman, C.R., Corley, R.A., Reitz, R.H., Paustenbach,
D.J., Holson, J.F., Whorton, M.D., Thompson, K.M., and Gargas, M.L.
(2001). Proposed occupational exposure limits for select glycol
ethers using PBPK models and Monte Carlo simulation. Toxicol. Sci.
62(1):124‑139.
Sweeney, L.M.,
Himmelstein, M.W., and Gargas, M.L. Development of a preliminary
physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for 1,3‑butadiene
risk assessment. Chem Biol Interact. (2001) 135‑136:303‑22.
Katona, M.A.,
T.F. Long, C.R. Kirman, C.A. Copley, D.R. Webb, M.A. Moomey, and
M.L. Gargas (2001). Incorporation of Biomonitoring Data into Risk
Management Decisions: Lead and Cadmium in Soil. Society of
Toxicology Annual Meeting, San Francsico, California.
Dutton, D.,
M.L. Gargas, T.F. Long, C.R. Kirman, and M.A. Katona (2001). A
Proposed Occupational Exposure Limit for Trimellitic Anhydride.
Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, San Francsico, California.
Katona, M.A.
and T.F.Long (2001). Four Episodes of Apparent Secondary Poisoning
of Raptors by an Avicide, Fenthion, in Illinois.
Long. T.F.,
M.L. Gargas, R.P. Hubner, and R.G. Tardiff (2001). The Role of Risk
Assessment in Redeveloping Brownfields. In: Brownfields: A
Comprehensive Guide to Redeveloping Contaminated Property, 2nd
Edition. T. Davis and K. Margolis, eds. American Bar Association
Publishing, Chicago, Illinois.
Hubner, R.P.,
R.G. Tardiff, and C.G. Graves (2001). Estimation of health risks to
swimmers from exposures to chloroform and chlorine in chlorinated
swimming pools.. International Society of Exposure Analysis Annual
Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina. Poster/Presentation.
Sweeney, L.M.,
Tyler, T.R., Kirman, C.R., Corley, R.A., Reitz, R.H., Paustenbach,
D.J., Holson. J.F., Whorton, M.D., Thompson, K.M. and Gargas, M.L.
(2001). Proposed occupational exposure limits for select ethylene
glycol ethers using PBPK models and Monte Carlo simulations. Tox.
Sci., 62 (1), 124-139.
Sweeney, L.M.,
Himmelstein, M.W. and Gargas, M.L. (2001). Development of a
preliminary physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for
1,3-butadiene risk assessment. Chemico-Biol. Int., 135-136,
303-322.
Bevan, C.,
Keller, D. A., Panepinto, A. S., and Bentley, K. S. (2001) Effect of
4-vinylcyclohexene on micronucleus formation in the bone marrow of
rats and mice. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 24: 273-285.
Cruzan, G.,
Cushman, J. R., Andrews, L. S., Granville, G. C., Johnson, K. A.,
Bevan, C., Hardy, C. J., Coombs, D. W., Mullins, P. A., and Brown,
W. R. (2001) Chronic toxicity/oncogenicity study of styrene in CD-1
mice by inhalation exposure for 104 weeks. J. Appl. Toxicol.
21: 185-198.
Graves, C.G.,
M.E. Ginevan, R.A. Jenkins, and R.G. Tardiff (2000). Doses and lung
burdens of environmental tobacco smoke constituents in nonsmoking
workplaces. Int J Exposure Anal Environ Epidemiology
10(4):365-377.
Graves, C.G.,
G.M. Matanoski, and R.G. Tardiff (2000). Carbonless copy paper and
workplace safety: A review. J Regulatory Toxicology and
Pharmacology 32: 99-117, 2000.
Tardiff, R.G.
(2000). Risk Analysis for the Workplace. In: R.L. Harris, L.J.
Cralley, and L.V. Cralley, Eds. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and
Toxicology, Third Edition, Volume 3, Part A, Chapter 46. New
York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., pp. 2151-2198.
Sweeney, L.M
(2000). Comparison of occupational and environmental risk
assessment methodologies. Human Ecol. Risk Assess. 6:1101.
Sweeney, L.M.,
Sheets, B.A., Tomljanovic, C., and Groseclose, R.D. (2000).
Industrial health risk assessment for routine workers in a military
paint shop. Human Ecol. Risk Assess. 6:643-670.
Gargas, M.L.,
Tyler, T.R., Sweeney, L.M., Corley, R.A., Weitz, K.K.,Mast, T.J.,
Paustenbach, D.J. and Hays, S.M. (2000). A toxicokinetic study of
inhaled ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate and validation of a
physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for rat and human.
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 165:63-73.
Gargas, M.L.,
Tyler, T.R., Sweeney, L.M., Corley, R.A., Weitz, K.K, Mast, T.J.,
Paustenbach, D.J. and Hays, S.M. (2000). A toxicokinetic study of
inhaled ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-ME) and validation of a
physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the pregnant rat and
human. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 165:53-62.
Kirman, C.R.,
T.F. Long, A.P. Leber, S.M. Hays, and M.L. Gargas (2000). Using
Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Monte Carlo Methods to Improve
Estimated Bioconcentration Factors and Half-lives for Substituted
Diphenyl-p-Phenylene Diamines in Carp. Society of Toxicology Annual
Meeting, Philadelphia Pennsylvania.
Katona, M.A.,
T.F. Long, C.R. Kirman, and M.L. Gargas (2000). Derivation of a
Specific Dermal Cancer Potency Factor for Benzo(a)Pyrene. Society
of Toxciology Annual Meeting, Philadelphia Pennsylvania.
Kirman, C.R.,
Hays, S.M., Kedderis, G.L., Gargas, M.L., and Strother, D.E.
(2000). Improving cancer dose-response characterization using
physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling: an analysis of
pooled data for acrylonitrile-induced brain tumors to assess cancer
potency in the rat. Risk Anal., 20(1), 135-151.
Hays, S.M.,
Elswick, B.A., Blumenthal, G.M., Welch, F., Conolly, R.B., and
Gargas, M.L. (2000). Development of a physiologically based
pharmacokinetic model of 2-methoxyethanol and 2-methoxyacetic acid
disposition in pregnant rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.
163, 67-74.
Gargas, M.L.,
Tyler T.R., Sweeney, L.M., Corley, R.A., Weitz, K.K., Mast, T.J.,
Paustenbach, D.J. and Hays, S.M. (2000). A toxicokinetic study of
inhaled ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-ME) and validation of a
physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the pregnant rat
and human. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 163, 53-626.
Gargas, M.L.,
Tyler T.R., Sweeney, L.M., Corley, R.A., Weitz, K.K., Mast, T.J.,
Sweeney, L.M., Paustenbach, D.J. and Hays, S.M. (2000). A
toxicokinetic study of inhaled ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate and
validation of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for rat and
human. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 165, 63-73.
Gingell, R.,
Daniel, E.M., Machado, M., and Bevan, C. (2000)
Reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test in rats with
orally-administered 1-hexene. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 23: 327-338.
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