Presentations & Publications

The Sapphire Group keeps an extensive library of white papers, presentations, reports, and peer-reviewed documents. Feel free to browse the following pages for information on pertinent issues.  
 
Publications (2000 - Present)

R. G. Tardiff and M. L. Carson. Derivation of a reference dose and drinking water equivalent level for 1,2,3-trichloropropane. Food Chem Toxicol 48 (6):1488-1510, 2010.

R. D. Kimbrough, C. A. Krouskas, M. L. Carson, T. F. Long, C. Bevan, and R. G. Tardiff. Human uptake of persistent chemicals from contaminated soil: PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 57 (1):43-54, 2010.

Sweeney L.M., C. R. Kirman, M. L. Gargas, M. L. Carson, and R. G. Tardiff. 2010. Development of a Physiologically-Based Toxicokinetic Model of Acrylamide and Glycidamide in Rats and Humans. Food Chem Toxicol 48(2): 668-685.

Tardiff, R.G., M. L. Gargas, C. R. Kirman, M. L. Carson, and L. M. Sweeney. 2010. Estimation of Safe Dietary Intake Levels of Acrylamide for Humans. Food Chem Toxicol 48(2): 658-667.

T. S. Poet, C. R. Kirman, M. Bader, C. van Thriel, M. L. Gargas, and P. M. Hinderliter. Quantitative Risk Analysis for N-Methyl Pyrrolidone using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Benchmark Dose Modeling. Toxicol Sci 113 (2):468-482, 2010.

Simon, T., L.L. Aylward, C.R. Kirman, J.C. Rowlands, and R.A. Budinsky. Estimates of Cancer Potency of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin using Linear and Non-linear Dose-Response Modeling and Toxicokinetics. Toxicol Sci 112 (2):490-506, 2009.

R. G. Tardiff, M. L. Carson, L. M. Sweeney, C. K. Kirman, Y. M. Tan, M. Andersen, C. Bevan, and M. L. Gargas. Derivation of a Drinking Water Equivalent Level (DWEL) Related to the Maximum Contaminant Level Goal for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), a Persistent Water Soluble Compound. Food Chem Toxicol 47:2557-2589, 2009.

R. A. Corley, K. R. Minard, S. Kabilan, D. R. Einstein, A. P. Kuprat, J. R. Harkema, J. S. Kimbell, M. L. Gargas, and J. H. Kinzell. Magnetic resonance imaging and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of rabbit nasal airflows for the development of hybrid CFD/PBPK models. Inhal.Toxicol 21 (6):512-518, 2009.

Fasano WJ, Sweeney LM, Mawn MP, Nabb DL, Szostek B, Buck RC, Gargas ML.   Kinetics of 8-2 Fluorotelomer Alcohol and its Metabolites, and Liver Glutathione Status Following Daily Oral Dosing for 45 Days in Male and Female Rats.  Chem Biol Interact. 2009 Jul 15;180(2):281-295.

Mileson BE, Sweeney LM, Gargas ML, Kinzell J. Iodomethane human health risk characterization.  Inhal Toxicol. 2009 May;21(6):583-605.

Sweeney LM, Kirman CR, Gannon SA, Thrall KD, Gargas ML, Kinzell JH.  Development of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model for Methyl Iodide in Rats, Rabbits, and Humans.  Inhal Toxicol. 2009 May;21(6):552-82.

L. M. Sweeney, C. R. Kirman, M. L. Gargas, and P. H. Dugard. Contribution of trichloroacetic acid to liver tumors observed in perchloroethylene (perc)-exposed mice. Toxicology 260 (1-3):77-83, 2009. 

K. D. Thrall, L. B. Sasser, J. A. Creim, M. L. Gargas, J. H. Kinzell, and R. A. Corley. Studies supporting the development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for methyl iodide: pharmacokinetics of sodium iodide (NaI) in pregnant rabbits. Inhal.Toxicol:1-5, 2009. 

Kirman CR, Sweeney LM, Gargas ML, Kinzell JH.  Evaluation of possible modes of action for acute effects of methyl iodide in laboratory animals.  Inhal Toxicol. 2009 May;21(6):537-51. 

Thrall KD, Woodstock AD, Soelberg JJ, Gargas ML, Kinzell JH, Corley RA.  A Real-time Methodology to Evaluate the Nasal Absorption of Volatile Compounds in Anesthetized Animals.  Inhal Toxicol. 2009 May;21(6):531-6. 

Delorme MP, Himmelstein MW, Kemper RA, Kegelman TA, Gargas ML, Kinzell JH.  Evaluation of Respiratory Parameters in Rats and Rabbits Exposed to Methyl Iodide.  Inhal Toxicol. 2009 May;21(6):505-11.  

Himmelstein MW, Kegelman TA, Delorme MP, Everds NE, O'Connor JC, Kemper RA, Nabb DL, Mileson BE, Bevan C.   Two-day Inhalation Toxicity Study of Methyl Iodide in the Rat.  Inhal Toxicol. 2009 May;21(6):480-7.

Sloter E, Nemec M, Stump D, Holson J, Kirkpatrick D, Gargas M, Kinzell J.  Methyl Iodide-induced Fetal Hypothyroidism Implicated in Late-stage Fetal Death in Rabbits.  Inhal Toxicol. 2009 May;21(6):462-79. 

Studies Supporting the Development of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Model for Methyl Iodide: Pharmacokinetics of Sodium Iodide (NaI) in Pregnant Rabbits.

Thrall KD, Sasser LB, Creim JA, Gargas ML, Kinzell JH, Corley RA.  Inhal Toxicol. 2009 Mar 31:1-5. 

M. L. Gargas, C. K. Kirman, L. M. Sweeney, and R. G. Tardiff. Acrylamide: Consideration of Species Differences and Nonlinear Processes in Estimating Risk and Safety for Human Ingestion. Food Chem Toxicol 47(4):760-768, 2009.

L. M. Sweeney, C. K. Kirman, R. Albertini, Y. M. Tan, H. J. III. Clewell, J. Filser, G. A. Csanady, L. H. Pottenger, M. Banton, C. Graham, L. Andrews, A. Papciak, and M. L. Gargas. Derivation of inhalation toxicity reference values for propylene oxide using mode of action analysis: Example of a threshold carcinogen. Crit Rev Toxicol 39(6):462-486, 2009.  

C. R. Kirman, L. M. Sweeney, M. L. Gargas, D. E. Strother, J. J. Collins, and R. Deskin. Derivation of Noncancer Reference Values for Acrylonitrile. Risk Anal 28 (5):1375-1394, 2008. 

Ted Simon, Christopher R. Kirman, Lesa L. Aylward, Robert A. Budinsky, J. Craig Rowlands, and Tom F. Long.  Estimates of Cancer Potency of 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran Using Both Nonlinear and Linear Approaches.  Toxicol. Sci. 2008 106 (2): 519-537  

M. L. Gargas, B. Collins, T. R. Fennell, N. F. Gaudette, Jr., and L. M. Sweeney. Disposition of styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) trimer in female rats: single dose intravenous and gavage studies. Toxicol Lett 178 (1):1-8, 2008. 

W. F. Rayburn, A. Robinson, L. E. Braverman, X. M. He, S. Pino, M. L. Gargas, and J. H. Kinzell. Iodide concentrations in matched maternal serum, cord serum, and amniotic fluid from preterm and term human pregnancies. Reprod.Toxicol 25 (1):129-132, 2008.

L.M. Sweeney, S.A. Saghir, M.L. Gargas (2008).  Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model Development and Simulations for Ethylene Dichloride (1,2-Dichloroethane) in Rats Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 51:311-323, 2008. 

M. L. Gargas, L. M. Sweeney, M. W. Himmelstein, L. H. Pottenger, J. S. Bus, and J. W. Holder (2008). Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Chloroethane Disposition in Mice, Rats and Women. Toxicol Sci 104(1): 54-66. 

L. M. Sweeney, K. D. Thrall, T. S. Poet, R. A. Corley, T. J. Weber, B. J. Locey, J. Clarkson, S. Sager, and M. L. Gargas (2008). Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of 1,4-Dioxane in Rats, Mice, and Humans. Toxicol Sci 101 (1):32-50.

Liao KH, Tan YM, Conolly RB, Borghoff SJ, Gargas ML, Andersen ME, Clewell HJ 3rd. (2007).  Bayesian Estimation of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Parameters in a Mode-of-Action-Based Cancer Risk Assessment for Chloroform. Risk Anal. 2007 Dec;27(6):1535-51. 

R. J. Albertini and L. M. Sweeney. Propylene oxide: genotoxicity profile of a rodent nasal carcinogen. Crit Rev Toxicol 37 (6):489-520, 2007.

D. L. Nabb, B. Szostek, M. W. Himmelstein, M. P. Mawn, M. L. Gargas, L. M. Sweeney, J. C. Stadler, R. C. Buck, and W. J. Fasano. In vitro metabolism of 8-2 fluorotelomer alcohol: interspecies comparisons and metabolic pathway refinement. Toxicol Sci 100 (2):333-344, 2007. 

A. Nong, G. Charest-Tardif, R. Tardif, D. F. Lewis, L. M. Sweeney, M. L. Gargas, and K. Krishnan. Physiologically based modeling of the inhalation pharmacokinetics of ethylbenzene in B6C3F1 mice. J Toxicol Environ Health A 70 (21):1838-1848, 2007. 

Sielken, R.L. Jr., Valdez-Flores, C., Gargas, M.L., Kirman, C.R., Teta, M.J. and Delzell, E. (2006). Cancer risk assessment for 1,3-butadiene: Dose extrapolation from an epidemiological perspective. Chem Biol Interact 166 (1-3): 140-149. 

R. G. Tardiff, M. L. Carson, and M. E. Ginevan (2006). Updated weight of evidence for an association between adverse reproductive and developmental effects and exposure to disinfection by-products. Regul.Toxicol Pharmacol 45 (2):185-205. 

Kirman, C.R., Sweeney, L.M., Corley, R. and Gargas, M.L. (2005). Using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to address nonlinear kinetics and changes in rodent physiology and metabolism due to aging and adaptation in deriving reference values for propylene glycol methyl ether and propylene glycol methyl ether acetate. Risk Anal., 25(2), 271-284. 

Kirman, C.R., Gargas, M.L., Marsh, G.M., Strother, D.E., Klaunig, J.E., Collins, J.J., and Deskin, R. (2005). Cancer dose-response assessment for acrylonitrile based upon rodent brain tumor incidence: Use of epidemiologic, mechanistic, and pharmacokinetic support for nonlinearity. Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 43, 85-103. 

Sweeney, L.M. (2004).  A ChE’s Guide to Toxicology.  Chemical Engineering Progress.  100(6):36-40. 

D. G. DeBord, R. E. Savage, Jr., H. Drexler, C. Freeman, J. Groopman, M. Jayjock, M. McDiarmid, M. Morgan, R. Santella, P. Schulte, G. Talaska, R. Tardiff, and C. Viau (2004). A summary of the workshop applying biomarkers to occupational health practice. J Occup Environ Hyg 1 (5):D57-D60. 

T. F. Long, C. R. Kirman, J. Butala, and R. G. Tardiff (2004). Probabilistic cancer risk assessment of workers exposed to creosote during pressure treatment of wood. Toxicologist 78.

Long, T.F., C.R.Kirman, J.H. Butala, and R.G. Tardiff (2004).  Probabilistic cancer risk assessment of workers exposed to creosote during pressure treatment of wood.  Toxicologist 78(S-1): 155. 

Kirman, C.R., Sweeney, L.M., Teta, M.J., Sielken, R.L., Valdez-Flora, C., Albertini, R. and Gargas, M.L.  (2004).  Addressing nonlinearity in the exposure-response relationship for a genotoxic carcinogen: Cancer potency estimates for ethylene oxide.  Risk Anal., 24(5), 1165-1183. 

Sweeney, L.M., Andersen, M.E. and Gargas, M.L. (2004). Ethyl acrylate risk assessment with a hybrid computational fluid dynamics and physiologically based nasal dosimetry model. Toxicol. Sci., 79(2), 394-403. 

Sweeney, L.M., Kirman, C.R., Morgott, D.A. and Gargas, M.L. (2004).  Estimation of interindividual variation in oxidative metabolism of dichloromethane in human volunteers. Toxicol Lett., 154(3), 201‑216. 

R. G. Tardiff, R. P. Hubner, and C. G. Graves (2003). Harmonization of thresholds for primary skin irritation from results of human repeated insult patch tests and laboratory animal skin irritation tests. J Appl Toxicol 23 (4):279-281. 

Kirman, C.R., Sweeney, L.M., Meek, M.E., and Gargas, M.L. (2003).  Assessing the dose-dependency of allometric scaling performance using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling.  Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 38:345-367. 

Sweeney, L.M. Gargas, M.L., Strother, D.E. and Kedderis, G.L.  (2003).  Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model Parameter Estimation and Sensitivity and Variability Analyses for Acrylonitrile Disposition in Humans.  Toxicol. Sci.  71:27-40. 

Kirman, C.R., Gargas, M.L., Deskin, R., Tonner-Navarro, L. and Andersen, M.E. (2003). A physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for acrylamide and its metabolite, glycidamide, in the rat. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 66(3), 253-274. 

Tan, Y., Butterworth, B.E., Gargas, M.L. and Conolly, R.B. (2003). Biologically motivated computational modeling of chloroform cytolethality and regenerative cellular proliferation. Toxicol. Sci., 75, 192-200. 

Roberts, L.G., Bevan, C., and Schreiner, C.A. (2003) Developmental and reproductive toxicity evaluation of toluene vapor in the rat. I. Reproductive toxicology. Repro. Toxicol. 17: 649-658. 

Long, T.F., Gargas, M.L., Hubner, R.P., and Tardiff, R.G (2002).  The Role of Risk Assessment in Redeveloping Brownfield Sites.  In: Brownfields, A Comprehensive Guide to Redeveloping Contaminated Property, American Bar Association.

Graves, C.G., Matanoski, G.M., and R. G. Tardiff. (2001).  Weight of evidence for an association between adverse reproductive and developmental effects and exposure to disinfection byproducts: A critical review.  Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol.  34: 103-124.   

Sweeney, L.M, Tyler, T.R., Kirman, C.R., Corley, R.A., Reitz, R.H., Paustenbach, D.J., Holson, J.F., Whorton, M.D., Thompson, K.M., and Gargas, M.L. (2001).  Proposed occupational exposure limits for select glycol ethers using PBPK models and Monte Carlo simulation.  Toxicol. Sci. 62(1):124‑139. 

Sweeney, L.M., Himmelstein, M.W., and Gargas, M.L.  Development of a preliminary physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for 1,3‑butadiene risk assessment. Chem Biol Interact. (2001) 135‑136:303‑22. 

Katona, M.A., T.F. Long, C.R. Kirman, C.A. Copley,  D.R. Webb, M.A. Moomey, and M.L. Gargas (2001).  Incorporation of Biomonitoring Data into Risk Management Decisions: Lead and Cadmium in Soil. Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, San Francsico, California. 

Dutton, D., M.L. Gargas, T.F. Long, C.R. Kirman, and M.A. Katona (2001). A Proposed Occupational Exposure Limit for Trimellitic Anhydride. Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, San Francsico, California. 

Katona, M.A. and T.F.Long (2001).  Four Episodes of Apparent Secondary Poisoning of Raptors by an Avicide, Fenthion, in Illinois.  

Long. T.F., M.L. Gargas, R.P. Hubner, and R.G. Tardiff (2001).  The Role of Risk Assessment in Redeveloping Brownfields. In: Brownfields: A Comprehensive Guide to Redeveloping Contaminated Property, 2nd Edition. T. Davis and K. Margolis, eds.  American Bar Association Publishing, Chicago, Illinois.  

Hubner, R.P., R.G. Tardiff, and C.G. Graves (2001).  Estimation of health risks to swimmers from exposures to chloroform and chlorine in chlorinated swimming pools..  International Society of Exposure Analysis Annual Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina.  Poster/Presentation. 

Sweeney, L.M., Tyler, T.R., Kirman, C.R., Corley, R.A., Reitz, R.H., Paustenbach, D.J., Holson. J.F., Whorton, M.D., Thompson, K.M. and Gargas, M.L. (2001). Proposed occupational exposure limits for select ethylene glycol ethers using PBPK models and Monte Carlo simulations. Tox. Sci., 62 (1), 124-139. 

Sweeney, L.M., Himmelstein, M.W. and Gargas, M.L. (2001). Development of a preliminary physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for 1,3-butadiene risk assessment. Chemico-Biol. Int., 135-136, 303-322.

Bevan, C., Keller, D. A., Panepinto, A. S., and Bentley, K. S. (2001) Effect of 4-vinylcyclohexene on micronucleus formation in the bone marrow of rats and mice.  Drug Chem. Toxicol. 24:  273-285. 

Cruzan, G., Cushman, J. R., Andrews, L. S., Granville, G. C., Johnson, K. A., Bevan, C., Hardy, C. J., Coombs, D. W., Mullins, P. A., and Brown, W. R. (2001) Chronic toxicity/oncogenicity study of styrene in CD-1 mice by inhalation exposure for 104 weeks. J. Appl. Toxicol. 21: 185-198. 

Graves, C.G., M.E. Ginevan, R.A. Jenkins, and R.G. Tardiff (2000).  Doses and lung burdens of environmental tobacco smoke constituents in nonsmoking workplaces.  Int J Exposure Anal Environ Epidemiology 10(4):365-377.  

Graves, C.G., G.M. Matanoski, and R.G. Tardiff (2000).  Carbonless copy paper and workplace safety: A review.  J Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 32: 99-117, 2000. 

Tardiff, R.G. (2000).  Risk Analysis for the Workplace.  In: R.L. Harris, L.J. Cralley, and L.V. Cralley, Eds.  Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Third Edition, Volume 3, Part A, Chapter 46.  New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., pp. 2151-2198.  

Sweeney, L.M (2000).  Comparison of occupational and environmental risk assessment methodologies.  Human Ecol. Risk Assess.  6:1101. 

Sweeney, L.M., Sheets, B.A., Tomljanovic, C., and Groseclose, R.D.  (2000).  Industrial health risk assessment for routine workers in a military paint shop.  Human Ecol. Risk Assess.  6:643-670. 

Gargas, M.L., Tyler, T.R., Sweeney, L.M., Corley, R.A., Weitz, K.K.,Mast, T.J., Paustenbach, D.J. and Hays, S.M. (2000).  A toxicokinetic study of inhaled ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate and validation of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for rat and human. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 165:63-73. 

Gargas, M.L., Tyler, T.R., Sweeney, L.M., Corley, R.A., Weitz, K.K, Mast, T.J., Paustenbach, D.J. and Hays, S.M. (2000).  A toxicokinetic study of inhaled ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-ME) and validation of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the pregnant rat and human.  Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 165:53-62. 

Kirman, C.R., T.F. Long, A.P. Leber, S.M. Hays, and M.L. Gargas (2000).  Using Pharmacokinetic Modeling and Monte Carlo Methods to Improve Estimated Bioconcentration Factors and Half-lives for Substituted Diphenyl-p-Phenylene Diamines in Carp.  Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, Philadelphia Pennsylvania.

Katona, M.A., T.F. Long, C.R. Kirman, and M.L. Gargas (2000).  Derivation of a Specific Dermal Cancer Potency Factor for Benzo(a)Pyrene.   Society of Toxciology Annual Meeting, Philadelphia Pennsylvania. 

Kirman, C.R., Hays, S.M., Kedderis, G.L., Gargas, M.L., and Strother, D.E.  (2000).  Improving cancer dose-response characterization using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling: an analysis of pooled data for acrylonitrile-induced brain tumors to assess cancer potency in the rat.  Risk Anal., 20(1), 135-151. 

Hays, S.M., Elswick, B.A., Blumenthal, G.M., Welch, F., Conolly, R.B., and Gargas, M.L.  (2000).  Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of 2-methoxyethanol and 2-methoxyacetic acid disposition in pregnant rats.  Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol163, 67-74. 

Gargas, M.L., Tyler T.R., Sweeney, L.M., Corley, R.A., Weitz, K.K., Mast, T.J., Paustenbach, D.J. and Hays, S.M.  (2000).  A toxicokinetic study of inhaled ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-ME) and validation of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for the  pregnant rat and human.  Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol163, 53-626. 

Gargas, M.L., Tyler T.R., Sweeney, L.M., Corley, R.A., Weitz, K.K., Mast, T.J., Sweeney, L.M., Paustenbach, D.J. and Hays, S.M.  (2000).  A toxicokinetic study of inhaled ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate and validation of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for rat and human. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol165, 63-73. 

Gingell, R., Daniel, E.M., Machado, M., and Bevan, C. (2000) Reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test in rats with orally-administered 1-hexene. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 23: 327-338.

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